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Sunday, December 14, 2008
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Introduction to Programming Using Java
Chapter 1: Overview: The Mental Landscape
Chapter 2: Programming in the Small I: Names and Things
Chapter 3: Programming in the Small II: Control
Chapter 4: Programming in the Large I: Subroutines
Chapter 5: Programming in the Large II: Objects and Classes
Chapter 6: Applets, HTML, and GUI's
Chapter 7: Advanced GUI Programming
Chapter 8: Arrays
Chapter 9: Correctness and Robustness
Chapter 10: Advanced Input/Output
Chapter 11: Linked Data Structures and Recursion
Saturday, December 13, 2008
SCJP 1.6 Objectives For Java Certification
Section 1:
************
Declarations, Initialization and Scoping
Develop code that declares classes (including abstract and all forms of nested classes), interfaces, and enums, and includes the appropriate use of package and import statements (including static imports).
Develop code that declares an interface. Develop code that implements or extends one or more interfaces. Develop code that declares an abstract class. Develop code that extends an abstract class.
Develop code that declares, initializes, and uses primitives, arrays, enums, and objects as static, instance, and local variables. Also, use legal identifiers for variable names.
Develop code that declares both static and non-static methods, and - if appropriate - use method names that adhere to the JavaBeans naming standards. Also develop code that declares and uses a variable-length argument list.
Given a code example, determine if a method is correctly overriding or overloading another method, and identify legal return values (including covariant returns), for the method.
Given a set of classes and superclasses, develop constructors for one or more of the classes. Given a class declaration, determine if a default constructor will be created, and if so, determine the behavior of that constructor. Given a nested or non-nested class listing, write code to instantiate the class.
Section 2:
**********
Flow Control
Develop code that implements an if or switch statement; and identify legal argument types for these statements.
Develop code that implements all forms of loops and iterators, including the use of for, the enhanced for loop (for-each), do, while, labels, break, and continue; and explain the values taken by loop counter variables during and after loop execution.
Develop code that makes use of assertions, and distinguish appropriate from inappropriate uses of assertions.
Develop code that makes use of exceptions and exception handling clauses (try, catch, finally), and declares methods and overriding methods that throw exceptions.
Recognize the effect of an exception arising at a specified point in a code fragment. Note that the exception may be a runtime exception, a checked exception, or an error.
Recognize situations that will result in any of the following being thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,ClassCastException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException, NullPointerException, NumberFormatException, AssertionError, ExceptionInInitializerError, StackOverflowError or NoClassDefFoundError. Understand which of these are thrown by the virtual machine and recognize situations in which others should be thrown programatically.
Section 3:
***********
API Contents
Develop code that uses the primitive wrapper classes (such as Boolean, Character, Double, Integer, etc.), and/or autoboxing & unboxing. Discuss the differences between the String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer classes.
Given a scenario involving navigating file systems, reading from files, writing to files, or interacting with the user, develop the correct solution using the following classes (sometimes in combination), from java.io: BufferedReader, BufferedWriter, File, FileReader, FileWriter, PrintWriter, and Console.
Develop code that serializes and/or de-serializes objects using the following APIs from java.io: DataInputStream, DataOutputStream, FileInputStream, FileOutputStream, ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream and Serializable.
Use standard J2SE APIs in the java.text package to correctly format or parse dates, numbers, and currency values for a specific locale; and, given a scenario, determine the appropriate methods to use if you want to use the default locale or a specific locale. Describe the purpose and use of the java.util.Locale class.
Write code that uses standard J2SE APIs in the java.util and java.util.regex packages to format or parse strings or streams. For strings, write code that uses the Pattern and Matcher classes and the String.split method. Recognize and use regular expression patterns for matching (limited to: . (dot), * (star), + (plus), ?, \d, \s, \w, [], ()). The use of *, +, and ? will be limited to greedy quantifiers, and the parenthesis operator will only be used as a grouping mechanism, not for capturing content during matching. For streams, write code using the Formatter and Scanner classes and the PrintWriter.format/printf methods. Recognize and use formatting parameters (limited to: %b, %c, %d, %f, %s) in format strings.
Section 4:
*************
Concurrency
Write code to define, instantiate, and start new threads using both java.lang.Thread and java.lang.Runnable.
Recognize the states in which a thread can exist, and identify ways in which a thread can transition from one state to another.
Given a scenario, write code that makes appropriate use of object locking to protect static or instance variables from concurrent access problems.
Given a scenario, write code that makes appropriate use of wait, notify, or notifyAll.
Section 5:
***********
OO Concepts
Develop code that implements tight encapsulation, loose coupling, and high cohesion in classes, and describe the benefits.
Given a scenario, develop code that demonstrates the use of polymorphism. Further, determine when casting will be necessary and recognize compiler vs. runtime errors related to object reference casting.
Explain the effect of modifiers on inheritance with respect to constructors, instance or static variables, and instance or static methods.
Given a scenario, develop code that declares and/or invokes overloaded methods and code that declares and/or invokes superclass, or overloaded constructors.
Develop code that implements “is-a” and/or “has-a” relationships.
Section 6:
***********
Collections / Generics
Given a design scenario, determine which collection classes and/or interfaces should be used to properly implement that design, including the use of the Comparable interface.
Distinguish between correct and incorrect overrides of corresponding hashCode and equals methods, and explain the difference between == and the equals method.
Write code that uses the generic versions of the Collections API, in particular, the Set, List, and Map interfaces and implementation classes. Recognize the limitations of the non-generic Collections API and how to refactor code to use the generic versions. Write code that uses the NavigableSet and NavigableMap interfaces.
Develop code that makes proper use of type parameters in class/interface declarations, instance variables, method arguments, and return types; and write generic methods or methods that make use of wildcard types and understand the similarities and differences between these two approaches.
Use capabilities in the java.util package to write code to manipulate a list by sorting, performing a binary search, or converting the list to an array. Use capabilities in the java.util package to write code to manipulate an array by sorting, performing a binary search, or converting the array to a list. Use the java.util.Comparator and java.lang.Comparable interfaces to affect the sorting of lists and arrays. Furthermore, recognize the effect of the “natural ordering” of primitive wrapper classes and java.lang.String on sorting.
Section 7:
***********
Fundamentals
Given a code example and a scenario, write code that uses the appropriate access modifiers, package declarations, and import statements to interact with (through access or inheritance) the code in the example.
Given an example of a class and a command-line, determine the expected runtime behavior.
Determine the effect upon object references and primitive values when they are passed into methods that perform assignments or other modifying operations on the parameters.
Given a code example, recognize the point at which an object becomes eligible for garbage collection, determine what is and is not guaranteed by the garbage collection system, and recognize the behaviors of the Object.finalize() method.
Given the fully-qualified name of a class that is deployed inside and/or outside a JAR file, construct the appropriate directory structure for that class. Given a code example and a classpath, determine whether the classpath will allow the code to compile successfully.
Write code that correctly applies the appropriate operators including assignment operators (limited to: =, +=, -=), arithmetic operators (limited to: +, -, *, /, %, ++, –), relational operators (limited to: < , <=, >, >=, ==, !=), the instanceof operator, logical operators (limited to: &, |, ^, !, &&, ||), and the conditional operator ( ? : ), to produce a desired result. Write code that determines the equality of two objects or two primitives
************
Declarations, Initialization and Scoping
Develop code that declares classes (including abstract and all forms of nested classes), interfaces, and enums, and includes the appropriate use of package and import statements (including static imports).
Develop code that declares an interface. Develop code that implements or extends one or more interfaces. Develop code that declares an abstract class. Develop code that extends an abstract class.
Develop code that declares, initializes, and uses primitives, arrays, enums, and objects as static, instance, and local variables. Also, use legal identifiers for variable names.
Develop code that declares both static and non-static methods, and - if appropriate - use method names that adhere to the JavaBeans naming standards. Also develop code that declares and uses a variable-length argument list.
Given a code example, determine if a method is correctly overriding or overloading another method, and identify legal return values (including covariant returns), for the method.
Given a set of classes and superclasses, develop constructors for one or more of the classes. Given a class declaration, determine if a default constructor will be created, and if so, determine the behavior of that constructor. Given a nested or non-nested class listing, write code to instantiate the class.
Section 2:
**********
Flow Control
Develop code that implements an if or switch statement; and identify legal argument types for these statements.
Develop code that implements all forms of loops and iterators, including the use of for, the enhanced for loop (for-each), do, while, labels, break, and continue; and explain the values taken by loop counter variables during and after loop execution.
Develop code that makes use of assertions, and distinguish appropriate from inappropriate uses of assertions.
Develop code that makes use of exceptions and exception handling clauses (try, catch, finally), and declares methods and overriding methods that throw exceptions.
Recognize the effect of an exception arising at a specified point in a code fragment. Note that the exception may be a runtime exception, a checked exception, or an error.
Recognize situations that will result in any of the following being thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,ClassCastException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException, NullPointerException, NumberFormatException, AssertionError, ExceptionInInitializerError, StackOverflowError or NoClassDefFoundError. Understand which of these are thrown by the virtual machine and recognize situations in which others should be thrown programatically.
Section 3:
***********
API Contents
Develop code that uses the primitive wrapper classes (such as Boolean, Character, Double, Integer, etc.), and/or autoboxing & unboxing. Discuss the differences between the String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer classes.
Given a scenario involving navigating file systems, reading from files, writing to files, or interacting with the user, develop the correct solution using the following classes (sometimes in combination), from java.io: BufferedReader, BufferedWriter, File, FileReader, FileWriter, PrintWriter, and Console.
Develop code that serializes and/or de-serializes objects using the following APIs from java.io: DataInputStream, DataOutputStream, FileInputStream, FileOutputStream, ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream and Serializable.
Use standard J2SE APIs in the java.text package to correctly format or parse dates, numbers, and currency values for a specific locale; and, given a scenario, determine the appropriate methods to use if you want to use the default locale or a specific locale. Describe the purpose and use of the java.util.Locale class.
Write code that uses standard J2SE APIs in the java.util and java.util.regex packages to format or parse strings or streams. For strings, write code that uses the Pattern and Matcher classes and the String.split method. Recognize and use regular expression patterns for matching (limited to: . (dot), * (star), + (plus), ?, \d, \s, \w, [], ()). The use of *, +, and ? will be limited to greedy quantifiers, and the parenthesis operator will only be used as a grouping mechanism, not for capturing content during matching. For streams, write code using the Formatter and Scanner classes and the PrintWriter.format/printf methods. Recognize and use formatting parameters (limited to: %b, %c, %d, %f, %s) in format strings.
Section 4:
*************
Concurrency
Write code to define, instantiate, and start new threads using both java.lang.Thread and java.lang.Runnable.
Recognize the states in which a thread can exist, and identify ways in which a thread can transition from one state to another.
Given a scenario, write code that makes appropriate use of object locking to protect static or instance variables from concurrent access problems.
Given a scenario, write code that makes appropriate use of wait, notify, or notifyAll.
Section 5:
***********
OO Concepts
Develop code that implements tight encapsulation, loose coupling, and high cohesion in classes, and describe the benefits.
Given a scenario, develop code that demonstrates the use of polymorphism. Further, determine when casting will be necessary and recognize compiler vs. runtime errors related to object reference casting.
Explain the effect of modifiers on inheritance with respect to constructors, instance or static variables, and instance or static methods.
Given a scenario, develop code that declares and/or invokes overloaded methods and code that declares and/or invokes superclass, or overloaded constructors.
Develop code that implements “is-a” and/or “has-a” relationships.
Section 6:
***********
Collections / Generics
Given a design scenario, determine which collection classes and/or interfaces should be used to properly implement that design, including the use of the Comparable interface.
Distinguish between correct and incorrect overrides of corresponding hashCode and equals methods, and explain the difference between == and the equals method.
Write code that uses the generic versions of the Collections API, in particular, the Set, List, and Map interfaces and implementation classes. Recognize the limitations of the non-generic Collections API and how to refactor code to use the generic versions. Write code that uses the NavigableSet and NavigableMap interfaces.
Develop code that makes proper use of type parameters in class/interface declarations, instance variables, method arguments, and return types; and write generic methods or methods that make use of wildcard types and understand the similarities and differences between these two approaches.
Use capabilities in the java.util package to write code to manipulate a list by sorting, performing a binary search, or converting the list to an array. Use capabilities in the java.util package to write code to manipulate an array by sorting, performing a binary search, or converting the array to a list. Use the java.util.Comparator and java.lang.Comparable interfaces to affect the sorting of lists and arrays. Furthermore, recognize the effect of the “natural ordering” of primitive wrapper classes and java.lang.String on sorting.
Section 7:
***********
Fundamentals
Given a code example and a scenario, write code that uses the appropriate access modifiers, package declarations, and import statements to interact with (through access or inheritance) the code in the example.
Given an example of a class and a command-line, determine the expected runtime behavior.
Determine the effect upon object references and primitive values when they are passed into methods that perform assignments or other modifying operations on the parameters.
Given a code example, recognize the point at which an object becomes eligible for garbage collection, determine what is and is not guaranteed by the garbage collection system, and recognize the behaviors of the Object.finalize() method.
Given the fully-qualified name of a class that is deployed inside and/or outside a JAR file, construct the appropriate directory structure for that class. Given a code example and a classpath, determine whether the classpath will allow the code to compile successfully.
Write code that correctly applies the appropriate operators including assignment operators (limited to: =, +=, -=), arithmetic operators (limited to: +, -, *, /, %, ++, –), relational operators (limited to: < , <=, >, >=, ==, !=), the instanceof operator, logical operators (limited to: &, |, ^, !, &&, ||), and the conditional operator ( ? : ), to produce a desired result. Write code that determines the equality of two objects or two primitives
Java Programming Resources from Sun
Java Programming Resources from Sun
General Java Resorces
-
Sun's Java FAQ's. Collection of Frequently Asked Questions on various Java-related topics.
-
The Java Community Process. How to be involved in the Java specification development.
-
Sun's Java training courses (US). (If Sun's courses seem a bit steep, or you want something on-site, or prefer an instructor with more hands-on Java development experience, also see these courses.)
-
Java Certification. Although it is highly controversial if certification actually proves anything about your Java skills, in many cases certification is useful in getting a new or better job.
Specific Java Products & Technologies
-
Java Servlets. (Also see this servlet programming resources page.)
-
JavaServer Pages (JSP). (Also see this JSP programming resources page.)
-
JavaServer Faces (JSF) (Also see this JSF tutorial.)
Sun's JavaFX: Is it Java? JavaScript? Or something new?
We're told that the future of applications relies on app servers and rich, graphical clients. But will market share or common sense determine which method of building RIAs that developers choose most?
Up to now, Google has been the one with the RIA platform that has tried to leverage Java, along with JavaScript (which is related in style but not in architecture, and which is essentially a product of Mozilla). Google Web Toolkit uses Java tools as a staging ground for Asynchronous JavaScript (AJAX) applications. Mozilla has been testing the waters for some time with its own RIA platform experiment called XULRunner; and Curl has had the wherewithal to go it alone, with both a development environment and a runtime that rely on no single pre-existing platform. (Some dispute whether AJAX truly qualifies as RIA, but I tend to say that if an application can run outside the browser with full graphical resplendence, as though it had been installed on the user's computer directly, then it's an RIA.)
To this mix of players, enter Sun Microsystems. Its JavaFX platform formally exited beta on Monday, and its objective is to further extend the Java 6 runtime platform onto more systems. Rich graphical applications built with JavaFX, like other Java apps since the 1990s, can run outside of the Web browser though maintain their links to servers through HTTP.
But JavaFX Script -- the programming language for this new platform -- is not Java, and it's not JavaScript. While it's not exactly a foreign language, especially for Web developers who find themselves learning new ones practically every month, it is -- like Flex for Adobe -- its own beast.
Top Java Developers Offer Advice to Students
Got Advice for Students?
A very good java.sun.com article
(http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Interviews/studentdevs/i...)
has 11 leading Java developers -- from Joshua Bloch to Tor Norbye to Chet Haase -- offering advice about how to become better developers. It's very useful if you're trying to figure out how to make it as a Java developer.
Here's a brief sampling:
Josh Bloch:
"Write lots of code. Have fun with it! Collaborate with people who are more experienced than you and learn from them. Join an open source project. Code reviews are a great way to learn."
Tor Norbye:
"Learn to use your tools. And I don't mean just enough to get by. I mean really learn how to use your tools. Become an expert user..."
... Learn how to make trade-offs....
... Finally, learn the platform APIs."
Chet Haase:
"Take the math courses you need. It doesn't need to be higher-level stuff, but I've leaned heavily on linear algebra and some amount of calculus for a lot of what I've done."
Rags Srinivas:
"Don't be overwhelmed by the language or the platform. If you break it down, the basics of the language are based on object-oriented programming, threading, concurrency, and event-driven programming. It's necessary to become a master of these concepts since the rest of your career will depend on this foundation. "
It's worth checking out.
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